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[Music]

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[Applause]

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I'm really excited to present on what is

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a very new project for me as well I want

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to begin by thanking my callers

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particularly Alex funfact the PI on this

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project and Chris Carr and then Hannity

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and Krishna is a former undergrad of

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mine who has done most of this work in

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the lab so very grateful to her as well

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and then our funding sources this is a

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recent Nessa exobiology funded okay okay

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so it shouldn't be surprising to any of

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us that salt is a good preservative

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right so humans have been preserving

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things in salt for a very long time and

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so there's an intuition here that this

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might work but understanding how this

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process works is really important for

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astrobiology because it's going to

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affect the bio signatures that we see we

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saw some really beautiful work from Lou

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yesterday showing these relict bio

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signatures and just like you know poor

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little eukaryotic shells hanging out but

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they still have lipids they still have

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bio signatures so we need to think about

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how these processes work and so key

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questions that we're asking on this

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project are do different salts preserve

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things differently we're working in

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magnesium sulfate brines and do

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different organic compounds preserve

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differently so our lipids different than

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DNA are different from RNA and so on

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alex is going to tell you all about why

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those things should be true and how that

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works

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I know very little about that and so the

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question I'll be asking is how is

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organic matter incorporated into

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sediments and salts in this kind of

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hyper saline basin okay so the sites we

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are headed to over here in the middle of

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fabulous nowhere British Columbia really

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the middle of nowhere guys it's great

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and so zooming into these lake sites

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there are three of them and so the

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farthest self is bath quake number two

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this is a site that has a variety of

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previous work on it just a little bit

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and you can see they're really beautiful

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so this is a little light in this view

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but you can see the spotted character of

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these Lakes so it's a basin that have

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sub brine pools that make

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I'm really interesting to look at and

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means you can run around on this and

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sample a bunch of different compositions

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all at the same time so that's pretty

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neat so that's one site and then we have

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Clinton lake or Salt Lake in the

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thriving metropolis of Clinton British

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Columbia

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it is sometimes a salt pan and sometimes

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more of a lake so you can see it there

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and then the optimistically Lane named

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last chance lake which is up here on the

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far north this one is interesting

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because it's a chemical comparison and

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so this one has some bicarbonate and

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some sodium in addition to the magnesium

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and sulfate which Alex will tell you all

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about whereas these ones are much more

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strict magnesium sulfate brines okay so

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what are we doing so the goal here is to

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figure out what's being produced in

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these systems and how that's being

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translated into various sedimentary

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archives and so you go to a lake collect

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some water in my case filter that water

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down onto glass fiber filters to collect

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organic matter that is being produced in

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situ then also go into the more solid

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reservoir so this is some green salt for

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you so these are organic compounds being

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incorporated into salts then also the

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sediments then collecting modern biomass

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so this is a beaker of slime collected

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by Chris Carr so this is a big microbial

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mat and then also things like macro

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biology so these little wee beasties

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swimming around because we need to know

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what sorts of organics are being

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produced in these systems and how

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they're getting incorporated so then

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this was the summer and I went along on

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this trip and is fabulous then we went

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in the winter and by we I mean I sent my

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for undergrad to go sample when the

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lakes looked a little bit more like this

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I had to teach and also I'm weak and so

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in this case you got a drill down

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through that ice to then tap into both

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the ice itself which we saw some posters

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on and you can melt that ice filter down

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onto the filter you can get the sub ice

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brine which I'll be referring to as

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brine as opposed to water filter those

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down and then also get down deep with a

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ladle and get some sediment out from

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beneath in addition to the salts okay so

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then what are we gonna do

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so everything in our little organic jars

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is the same

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and so we're gonna first freeze-drying

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homogenize that sample and then analyze

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a variety of bulk parameters and so I'm

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interested in carbon and carbon isotopes

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and organics and so you need to first

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characterize the inorganic baseline of

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those samples and so we're looking at

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things like dissolved inorganic

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concentrations and isotopes and isotopes

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of carbonate then D carbonate and focus

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on that organic matter so how much

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organic carbon is in there total organic

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carbon and total organic nitrogen and

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then what does the isotopic composition

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of those phases look like and then the

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real lab work fun begins and again bring

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in the undergrads and so this is where

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we spend a lot of time doing lipid

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extractions via super time intensive

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blyer approach which preserves intact

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polar lipids and so that allows us to

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look at those complete lipids together

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and then also you can hydrolyze these

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things separate them clean them up and

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identify compound specific biomarker

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abundances and hopefully eventually

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isotopes okay

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so first step look at the waters and so

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if we look at these things under the

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microscope with just a little bit of

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crystal violet stain you can see

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beautiful beautiful cells this is a 10

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micron scale bar and so these are

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actually algae so that's what's making

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these bright yellow but you can see

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abundant cells we don't have cell counts

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yet but these are all the same amount of

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fluid just in a little reservoir if we

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look at the sub ice rinds they look

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almost exactly the same and so I was

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surprised going in you still have those

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algal morphologies you still have nice

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REM cells all over the place so how much

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organic matter is there and so if we

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look at the total organic carbon you

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should maybe not be surprised that

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microbial mats are full of organic

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carbon

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but these sediments are also quite rich

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in organic carbon if we look at the

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total organic nitrogen you can see that

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that's mirroring the organic carbon

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really well it has like a r-squared of

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0.9 7 and slope of 10 to 1 so well

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correlated and so what did the isotopes

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of those look like so this is a little

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bit more interesting and here I've

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plotted these by Lake so the Basques

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Lakes last chance Lake and Salt Lake and

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then they're colored by what type of

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sample that was and so you can see some

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differences between the Basques Lakes

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they're relatively enriched compared to

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the last chance lake or salt lake you

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and also if you look at the colors of

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these can you can see that these salts

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are enriched relative to the sediments

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are enriched relative to the sub ice

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brines really clearly there so that's an

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interesting trend so we need to look at

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our inorganic phases to see how these

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compare because that's setting your

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baseline and so if we look at the

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isotopes of di C and of carbonate you

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can see that this does explain a little

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bit of these trends so in our di C for

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instance this one is quite enriched

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whereas this one is quite depleted so

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you've got about a five per mil spread

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there but this one isn't so this is not

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explaining all of our data which

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suggests that you might have some

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distinct biological fraction nations

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changing the organic isotopes within

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that system if we look at the nitrogen

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isotopes there are also some kind of

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interesting trends for those of you that

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work in the system so zero to fifteen

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that's a really enriched nitrogen

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isotopic value we're sitting here kind

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of around ten quite enriched just fixing

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in two out of the air you get zero or

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two and so these are super enriched

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suggesting processing of these of

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nitrogen in the system usually

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denitrification gets blamed on

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enrichments like this also though in

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alkaline lakes you have a scenario where

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pH matters because you can actually get

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enrichment of the nitrogen pool through

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the volatile loss of ammonia and so some

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of these points up here are in go back

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so last chance leak is actually much

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higher pH than the other ones and we see

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these enrichments most strongly within

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that system okay so total lipids how

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much lipid is in these phases and so

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these I'm showing you in terms of

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milligrams per liter filtered for the

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fluid phases or per gram solid with in

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things like them sediments and the salts

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and whatnot

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and so if we look at this you can see a

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decrease in abundance when you go from

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the water to the brine to the ice within

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our lipids per liter and so if the brine

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was just concentrating cells we would

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expect the opposite trend right because

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it's gonna sort of push the cells into

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the brine and then there's gonna be less

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in the ice more in the brine and so on

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and so you do see some degradation

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and then if we look at the sediment

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phrases so I keep getting the laser

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they're both green if we look at the

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sediments you can see that the sediments

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have essentially the same amount of

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organic matter as things like the

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microbial math and they're they're

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nearing brine shrimp and so these

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sediments are really organic rich and

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they have a lot of extractable lipid in

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there which is suggesting to me that

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we've got some really preferential

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preservation going on within these

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sediments I'm consistent with it being a

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salty you know environment you can also

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note that the abundance varies a little

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bit by lake so you see the blue one the

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light blue ones are down here in

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last-chance lake whereas those bass

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clicks seem to be preserving more

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extractable lipid and so we're

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interested in sort of delving into those

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trends see how they compare to chemistry

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and sort of flush out some of these

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hypotheses we went in with so though how

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much time do I have three minutes great

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um so this is hot off the presses data

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which is why it's in Excel and not

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something prettier so this is showing

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you those hydrolyzed lipids just a

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subset that have been quantified for

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their fatty acid characterization okay

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so if we look at these in a little bit

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more detail we see that the waters are a

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little bit different from the ices a

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little bit different from the sediments

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and mats in particular I think it's

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interesting these sediments seem to be

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incorporating some long-chain fatty

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acids or sort of mid chain that are more

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characteristic of algal primary

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productivity when you get into the Paleo

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climate literature but you do see sort

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of strange Peaks so this is a branched

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fatty acid showing up in the ice that's

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not really in anything else um so we

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definitely see some differences and this

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is just a subset so we'll delve into

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that in the future and so then the next

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steps this is my incoming graduate

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student Floyd and so he's going to take

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this project over from departing

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undergrad and we're gonna do we're gonna

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actually look at those intact polar

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lipids so this is what I showed you

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before this is just the fatty acid

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skeleton but lipids actually come in in

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big boy molecules like this and there's

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a lot of structural variability that is

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interesting and you can learn a lot more

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about who's making what based on the in

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tech polar lipids so yeah and so life

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usually they're they're thought to

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degrade very rapidly but we don't know

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how that works in salt so we're going to

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figure it out so we're going to do the

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modern sample set and then see how that

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extends in time both through some

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controlled experiments and then through

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an extension into the sedimentary

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archives which Alex will tell you a

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little bit more about on the bottom of

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these course cores are actually quite

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old and so we'll be able to track these

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bio signatures as they go or as they are

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accreted through time to really

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understand what degradation looks like

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and with that I will thank you for your

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attention now so for money and all the

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[Music]

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all right we have time for a couple of

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it's a race hey so can you talk a little

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bit more about the specific fatty acid

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that you saw in the ice and like why

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that might be there or what exactly that

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that is I have no idea so literally and

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I send me that data like three days ago

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and so I plotted up so branch fatty

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acids tend to be really characteristic

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so they're only made by bacteria you

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don't get eukaryotes making those so

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that's definitely not an algal marker

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why it's in the ice and not in the

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fluids I don't know but that was not all

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of the fluids and so what I haven't done

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is compared like that ice to its paired

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fluid to its bride to see you know if

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it's like one of those brine pools and

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Bass Lake is making some weird branch

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fatty acids or if it's something else

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so it's a it's a rich data set that's

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only gonna get richer as we get all of

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the samples unfortunately if for any

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GCMs people out there these samples are

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really hard on GC columns if they're

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just destroying the column so I'm trying

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to figure out what is in there that's

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doing that I think it's organic sulfur

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molecules in addition to maybe some

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other stuff so you know suggestions so

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it's a difficult data set now to

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they're really cool systems my question

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is kind of related you showed some

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decrease in concentration is there any

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extraction efficiency challenges with

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some of these salts um it's a good

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question and I don't know the answer

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the extraction buffers themselves are

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pretty salty and so I wouldn't predict

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so so the blight ire process we do via a

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pretty intense sonication in a in a

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single phase liquid that then separates

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into a two phase organic extraction and

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so I think I mean so these each got

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sonicated it's like five rounds

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sonicated for ten minutes which should

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be pretty disruptive to lipid membranes